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hi I'm Michelle Johnson public affairs

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manager here at NASA Ames Research

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Center in California Silicon Valley

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today we're here to hear the latest

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results from NASA's exoplanet hunting

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mission the Kepler mission we have four

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panelists here today to tell us their to

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share the latest results and we'll be

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addressing our live audience as well as

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those on the phone for those joining on

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Ustream there will be a 30-second delay

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in the stream from what's happening here

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in the the newsroom for all the graphics

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that the panelists are using you can go

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to the web at WWF gov forward slash

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Kepler so the panelists will each give

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their short briefing and then we're

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going to switch to QA we'll take our

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live audience first and then go to the

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phone and then for those of you

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following on social media you can ask

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your question via Twitter take your

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question with hashtag ask Kepler the

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media briefing will be limited to one

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hour today's panelists are Mario Perez

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Kepler program scientists in the

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astrophysics division of NASA's science

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Mission Directorate in Washington DC

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Susan Thompson Keppler research

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scientists at the SETI Institute in

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Mountain View California and here at

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NASA Ames BJ Fulton doctoral candidate

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at the University of Hawaii in Manoa and

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at the California Institute of

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Technology or Caltech in Pasadena and

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finally we have Courtney dressing NASA

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Sagan fellow at Caltech so with that

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let's start it off Mario thanks Michelle

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it is indeed a pleasure to introduce

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this NASA capital release that describe

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the most recent result of the start of a

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catalog of planet candidates this Kepler

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candidate catalog contained the best

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measure and the most reliable data that

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we believe that could be planets from

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this new data will report today where

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there are 219 planet candidates which 10

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are possibly rocky and a habitable zone

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of their star which is a region of

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distances from a star where liquid

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liquid water might appear on the surface

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of rocky

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planet next line Kepler which is the

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first national mission capable of

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detecting earth-sized planet make the

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detection via the transit method which

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is photometric technique that measure

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the minuscule demon of starlight as a

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planet passes in front of its host star

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this motion is animated in this graphic

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this new result presented to a have

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implication for understanding the

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frequency of different types of planets

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in our galaxy and help us to advance our

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knowledge how planets are form next

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slide

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Kepler spent the first four years of

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this primary mission of serving one

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single star field located in the Cygnus

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constellation this new result of

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exoplanet presented to account from

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continuous observation of the signal

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field indicated on the left of this

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illustration Kepler keeps taking data

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today and for the last 40 years have

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been on a second mission named k2

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observing fields on the ecliptic plane

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of our galaxy next slide

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Kepler had been the most productive

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spacecraft in detecting exoplanet future

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mission like transiting exoplanet survey

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satellite or test launching in 2018 will

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detect new exoplanets around bright and

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nearby stars we have the same transit

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method used by Kepler

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lovely first launching in the mid 2020s

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will further contribute to discovery and

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characterization of exoplanet

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populations even beyond the kepler area

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NASA will continue to search for new

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worlds and for science of life beyond

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our solar system in summary including

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the new results announced today up to

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now Kepler has identified 4034 planet

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candidates Ward with the knowledge star

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and their two thousand and three hundred

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and thirty-five confirmed earth planet

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of all the planet candidates and

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confirmed exoplanet has discovered more

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than 80% of them

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Thanks thanks Mario joining us from the

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SETI Institute to tell us more about her

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work on the final Kepler candidate

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catalog is Susan Thompson Susan thank

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you Michelle I'm here today to announce

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the final Kepler survey catalog of

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planet candidates found from the Cygnus

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Field this is the first four years of

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data that Mario just talked about this

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is the last search that we performed and

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we used our most improved techniques and

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with that we found four thousand and

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thirty four candidates which include ten

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new terrestrial sized candidates in the

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habitable zone of their star this

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catalog is truly unique because for the

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first time we have characterized the

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catalog and as a result it allow us to

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do a direct survey of earth analogs in

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this part of the sky so we go to the

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first slide I'm plotting here our high

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confidence planet candidates along the

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x-axis you see the orbital period and

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along the y-axis you have the size of

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the planet relative to Earth on the

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there are three horizontal white lines

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showing the sizes of Jupiter Neptune and

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Earth for reference what you can see

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here is that most of the planets found

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by Kepler are smaller than Neptune and

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Kepler really truly has opened up our

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eyes to the existence of these small

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terrestrial sized worlds now if we go to

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the next slide I highlight the 219 new

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candidates found in this catalog most of

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them are small less than three Earth

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radii and several of them lie even out

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at long orbital periods near to the

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orbital period of the earth around the

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Sun however this last catalog we're

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turning our attention away from finding

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these new individual systems and towards

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trying to understand the demographics of

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these worlds that are most similar to

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our planet Earth to describe how we did

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that if you move to the next slide I

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need to tell you a little bit about how

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we go about doing our search using our

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most discerning software we search the

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two hundred thousand stars observed by

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Kepler this process is entirely

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automated and

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uniformly applied to all the data that

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is sent through through the pipeline

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which we're representing here with a

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simple blue triangle after we search the

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stars we found about 34,000 signals and

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these signals contain our transiting

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planets but they also contain a lot of

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noise either from the camera from the

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stars we then used a tool called the

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Robo Vetter to scrutinize each and every

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one of these signals in order to find

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the candidates the planet candidates

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which create the catalog so it found

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about 4000 candidates

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50 of which are terrestrial sized and in

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the hablas own of their star however we

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didn't stop there

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we needed to characterize our catalog

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and as a result we go to the next slide

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you see we injected simulated transits

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we put those to the same pipeline and we

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termined how often we missed finding

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those particular transits and as a

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result we measured the undercount of our

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survey or the catalog completeness and

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then finally we also put through

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simulated noise on the next slide and

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you can see here that if we went through

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as we put the noise sir we counted how

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often we must took noise as a transit

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and as a result we measured the over

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count of our survey or the catalog

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reliability so if we go to the next

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slide

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we were able to we with this catalog we

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were able to even examine planets that

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were found in the habitable zone of

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their stars so plotted here are the

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confirmed planets that we have found in

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Kepler's halibel zone all of these are

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terrestrial size less than 1.8 times the

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size of the earth and lie in their

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Havel's own at least within their

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measured uncertainties along the x-axis

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you actually have the energy received by

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the planet so the warmer planets are on

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the left hand side they're closer to

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their star and along the x axis you have

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the temperature of the star with the

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cooler stars at the bottom and those

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stars most similar to our Sun at 5800

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Kelvin towards the top we show Venus

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Earth and Mars for reference and notice

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that the habitable zone which is

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highlighted in green runs from

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approximately

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Venus to Mars for sun-like stars because

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the habitable zone is much closer to

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these smaller cooler stars it's much

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easier to find those planets and that's

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why most of our confirmed planets around

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these small stars but now if we add in

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the candidates that were found in this

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catalog which are shown in yellow you

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can see that we fill in the population

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of planets around sun-like stars those

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at the top of the diagram for instance

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if we go to the next slide you can see

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the ones that are brand-new to this

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catalog and the closest Earth analog we

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have of these high-confidence candidates

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from this catalog is KY 7711 it is sits

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right next to the earth on this diagram

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meaning it receives just about the same

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amount of energy as we do from our Sun

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and it's only slightly larger than the

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earth at 1.3 Earth radii but what's also

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important besides finding these

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interesting new systems is that we have

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characterized how many planets we missed

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in this region and how many of these

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planets are likely due to noise and as a

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result we are able to extend the ability

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to do demographics from the Havel's own

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of just the smallest stars out to even

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those stars similar to the Sun so I will

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leave you with the last slide which

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again shows our planet candidates and

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point out that we have done this sort of

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demographics of exoplanets out at

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shorter periods but now with this

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catalog we're able to extend that out to

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the longest periods those periods that

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are most similar to our earth and so as

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a result this survey catalogue will be

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the foundation for directly answering

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one of astronomy's most compelling

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questions how many planets like our

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earth are actually in the galaxy thank

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you no thank you Susan now here to tell

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us about his work measuring the

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demographics of the smallest planets in

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the galaxy is BJ Fulton PJ Thank You

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Michelle yeah so I'm going to be sharing

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a very exciting result that was

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made possible thanks to the catalogues

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of thousands of kepler planets like the

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one the Susan just described we've just

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discovered that what we thought was a

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single type of planets is actually two

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distinct classes of planets with quite

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before our study the Kepler mission had

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already demonstrated that small planets

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between the size of Earth and Neptune

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are both common and diverse here I'm

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showing the number of planets per

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hundred stars for a range of different

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planet sizes on the left are planets the

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size of Earth and on the right are

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planets the size of Jupiter now you see

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at around four times the size of Earth

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or about the size of Neptune the number

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of planets shoots up drastically next

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slide please

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so in order to resolve fine details in

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the radius distribution of planets our

279
00:13:08,010 --> 00:13:06,130
team embarked on a five-year campaign

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with the Keck Observatory to

281
00:13:13,500 --> 00:13:10,540
characterize over 1300 stars known to

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host kepler planets since the transit

283
00:13:17,910 --> 00:13:15,460
technique used by coupler gives us a way

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00:13:20,460 --> 00:13:17,920
to measure the Stars size rel the planet

285
00:13:23,100 --> 00:13:20,470
size relative to the Stars size by

286
00:13:24,510 --> 00:13:23,110
precisely measuring the stellar sizes we

287
00:13:27,810 --> 00:13:24,520
greatly enhanced our knowledge of the

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00:13:30,420 --> 00:13:27,820
planets armed with the precise catalog

289
00:13:33,390 --> 00:13:30,430
of kepler planet sizes we examine the

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00:13:35,100 --> 00:13:33,400
family tree of small planets kepler

291
00:13:37,140 --> 00:13:35,110
planets had appeared to span all sizes

292
00:13:40,320 --> 00:13:37,150
between one and four times the size of

293
00:13:42,480 --> 00:13:40,330
Earth but when measured precisely small

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00:13:45,620 --> 00:13:42,490
planets design into two distinct size

295
00:13:47,820 --> 00:13:45,630
groups next slide please

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most of the planets in the first group

297
00:13:52,730 --> 00:13:50,410
may be akin to the earth with rocky

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00:13:55,410 --> 00:13:52,740
surfaces and little to no atmospheres

299
00:13:58,079 --> 00:13:55,420
planets in the second group are probably

300
00:14:01,020 --> 00:13:58,089
more like cousins of Neptune's with

301
00:14:04,140 --> 00:14:01,030
thick atmospheres and no surface to

302
00:14:05,610 --> 00:14:04,150
speak of intermediate sized planets

303
00:14:08,400 --> 00:14:05,620
between these two size groups are

304
00:14:09,870 --> 00:14:08,410
relatively rare this is a major new

305
00:14:12,480 --> 00:14:09,880
division in the family tree of

306
00:14:14,550 --> 00:14:12,490
exoplanets somewhat analogous to the

307
00:14:18,390 --> 00:14:14,560
discovery that mammals and lizards are

308
00:14:20,070 --> 00:14:18,400
separate branches on the tree of life we

309
00:14:22,470 --> 00:14:20,080
can speculate as to why nature prefers

310
00:14:24,569 --> 00:14:22,480
to make small planets in these two sizes

311
00:14:27,460 --> 00:14:24,579
next slide please

312
00:14:28,689 --> 00:14:27,470
so the size of the planet is determined

313
00:14:30,100 --> 00:14:28,699
by the quantity and the type of

314
00:14:32,680 --> 00:14:30,110
materials that are gathered together

315
00:14:34,600 --> 00:14:32,690
during the planets formation planet

316
00:14:37,720 --> 00:14:34,610
sizes can also change with time if

317
00:14:39,999 --> 00:14:37,730
materials are stripped away the size of

318
00:14:42,040 --> 00:14:40,009
the planets in the first group suggests

319
00:14:44,860 --> 00:14:42,050
that Earth's like rocky planets can

320
00:14:47,559 --> 00:14:44,870
typically be no larger than about 75%

321
00:14:50,110 --> 00:14:47,569
bigger than the earth a very small

322
00:14:52,600 --> 00:14:50,120
amount of light hydrogen helium gases

323
00:14:55,679 --> 00:14:52,610
goes a long way to inflate the size of

324
00:14:58,329 --> 00:14:55,689
planets adding a tiny amount of hydrogen

325
00:15:00,999 --> 00:14:58,339
to one of these rocky planets say about

326
00:15:02,980 --> 00:15:01,009
two percent by mass would cause the

327
00:15:06,910 --> 00:15:02,990
planet to jump the gap and move into the

328
00:15:09,280 --> 00:15:06,920
group of larger planets planets need to

329
00:15:11,110 --> 00:15:09,290
have a very finely tuned amount of

330
00:15:13,480 --> 00:15:11,120
hydrogen helium to live right in the

331
00:15:16,509 --> 00:15:13,490
middle of that gap between about 0.1%

332
00:15:19,809 --> 00:15:16,519
and 1% of hydrogen helium and that just

333
00:15:21,610 --> 00:15:19,819
doesn't leave much wiggle room the gap

334
00:15:23,110 --> 00:15:21,620
between the two planet sizes also

335
00:15:25,900 --> 00:15:23,120
suggests that environment plays a

336
00:15:28,150 --> 00:15:25,910
decisive role the atmospheres of planets

337
00:15:30,129 --> 00:15:28,160
orbiting close to their host stars are

338
00:15:32,819 --> 00:15:30,139
susceptible to being blow-torched away

339
00:15:35,499 --> 00:15:32,829
by the extreme radiation from the star

340
00:15:37,629 --> 00:15:35,509
after millions of years the slightly

341
00:15:40,210 --> 00:15:37,639
larger gaseous planets that we see today

342
00:15:41,769 --> 00:15:40,220
either needed to start with very thick

343
00:15:44,110 --> 00:15:41,779
atmospheres that could survive the

344
00:15:45,730 --> 00:15:44,120
erosion or grow up in a more benign

345
00:15:50,019 --> 00:15:45,740
environment farther away from their host

346
00:15:51,280 --> 00:15:50,029
stars the few planets that may have

347
00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:51,290
started off right in the middle of that

348
00:15:55,300 --> 00:15:52,610
gap with just the right amount of

349
00:15:57,160 --> 00:15:55,310
hydrogen helium are prone to losing all

350
00:16:01,059 --> 00:15:57,170
of that hydrogen and then moving down

351
00:16:02,650 --> 00:16:01,069
into the class of smaller planets this

352
00:16:04,960 --> 00:16:02,660
result has significant implications for

353
00:16:06,249 --> 00:16:04,970
the search for life approximately half

354
00:16:09,100 --> 00:16:06,259
of the planets that we know are so

355
00:16:11,139 --> 00:16:09,110
common have no solid surface or a

356
00:16:13,240 --> 00:16:11,149
surface deep beneath the crushing weight

357
00:16:15,970 --> 00:16:13,250
of a thick atmospheres and these would

358
00:16:17,639 --> 00:16:15,980
not be nice places to live our result

359
00:16:19,929 --> 00:16:17,649
sharpens up the dividing line between

360
00:16:21,670 --> 00:16:19,939
potentially habitable planets and those

361
00:16:23,470 --> 00:16:21,680
are that are inhospitable to life as we

362
00:16:25,119 --> 00:16:23,480
know it thank you for your attention

363
00:16:27,819 --> 00:16:25,129
I'll give it back to Michelle Thank You

364
00:16:29,319 --> 00:16:27,829
Vijay and to share her perspective on

365
00:16:30,819 --> 00:16:29,329
the results from the Kepler mission that

366
00:16:33,009 --> 00:16:30,829
you've just heard about is Courtenay

367
00:16:35,110 --> 00:16:33,019
dressing from Caltech Courtney Thank You

368
00:16:36,060 --> 00:16:35,120
Michelle we've heard remarkable results

369
00:16:37,620 --> 00:16:36,070
today

370
00:16:40,320 --> 00:16:37,630
Susan Thompson we saw the latest

371
00:16:44,160 --> 00:16:40,330
catalogue of Kepler results that catalog

372
00:16:46,680 --> 00:16:44,170
of 4034 planets includes 219 new

373
00:16:49,770 --> 00:16:46,690
detection z' and 10 possibly habitable

374
00:16:52,590 --> 00:16:49,780
worlds from BJ Fulton we learned that

375
00:16:55,290 --> 00:16:52,600
planets with radii between 1.5 and 2

376
00:16:56,940 --> 00:16:55,300
Earth radii are scarce most planets are

377
00:16:58,680 --> 00:16:56,950
either larger than that number or

378
00:17:00,690 --> 00:16:58,690
smaller than that number they're either

379
00:17:03,240 --> 00:17:00,700
like the earth or like Neptune but not

380
00:17:05,400 --> 00:17:03,250
so much in between going to the next

381
00:17:07,620 --> 00:17:05,410
slide I want to take us back in time to

382
00:17:09,510 --> 00:17:07,630
2009 before the NASA Kepler mission

383
00:17:12,390 --> 00:17:09,520
launched this is what we knew about

384
00:17:14,550 --> 00:17:12,400
exoplanet populations back in 2009 on

385
00:17:16,260 --> 00:17:14,560
the left side of the plot you see the

386
00:17:19,290 --> 00:17:16,270
size of the planet relative to the earth

387
00:17:21,510 --> 00:17:19,300
the white horizontal lines indicate the

388
00:17:23,790 --> 00:17:21,520
sizes of Earth Neptune and Jupiter for

389
00:17:25,380 --> 00:17:23,800
scale on the bottom of the plot I'm

390
00:17:27,180 --> 00:17:25,390
showing you the orbital period of the

391
00:17:29,280 --> 00:17:27,190
planet or how long it takes it to go

392
00:17:30,990 --> 00:17:29,290
around its star what you see on this

393
00:17:33,180 --> 00:17:31,000
plot is that we knew about planets with

394
00:17:34,830 --> 00:17:33,190
a wide range of orbital periods but we

395
00:17:36,600 --> 00:17:34,840
didn't know a very many small planets

396
00:17:38,490 --> 00:17:36,610
most of the worlds on this plot are

397
00:17:41,790 --> 00:17:38,500
Jupiter sized maybe even if you are

398
00:17:44,610 --> 00:17:41,800
neptune-sized very few are small worlds

399
00:17:46,890 --> 00:17:44,620
like the earth advancing forward to

400
00:17:49,260 --> 00:17:46,900
after Kepler found planets we see on the

401
00:17:51,390 --> 00:17:49,270
next slide that there are now thousands

402
00:17:53,550 --> 00:17:51,400
of yellow dots these worlds were found

403
00:17:56,880 --> 00:17:53,560
by Kepler during its study of the Cygnus

404
00:17:58,980 --> 00:17:56,890
field from BJ we learned that population

405
00:18:01,410 --> 00:17:58,990
of yellow planets hovering between the

406
00:18:03,930 --> 00:18:01,420
earth line and the Neptune line actually

407
00:18:06,570 --> 00:18:03,940
divides nicely into two populations one

408
00:18:09,690 --> 00:18:06,580
smaller than 1.5 Earth radii and one

409
00:18:11,760 --> 00:18:09,700
larger than two Earth radii this sample

410
00:18:14,010 --> 00:18:11,770
of planets is quite unique and allows us

411
00:18:16,560 --> 00:18:14,020
to do sophisticated statistical studies

412
00:18:18,300 --> 00:18:16,570
as Susan pointed out this latest version

413
00:18:21,210 --> 00:18:18,310
of the Kepler catalog was found in a

414
00:18:23,490 --> 00:18:21,220
uniform way using sophisticated Robo

415
00:18:25,290 --> 00:18:23,500
vetting tools which means it can be used

416
00:18:27,420 --> 00:18:25,300
for statistical analyses to answer

417
00:18:29,970 --> 00:18:27,430
questions like how common is the earth

418
00:18:32,910 --> 00:18:29,980
in the galaxy and how many solar systems

419
00:18:35,070 --> 00:18:32,920
are like ours on the next slide I've

420
00:18:36,450 --> 00:18:35,080
highlighted several populations of

421
00:18:38,310 --> 00:18:36,460
planets that we've learned about from

422
00:18:40,500 --> 00:18:38,320
Kepler and other missions and surveys

423
00:18:42,630 --> 00:18:40,510
what we see here is different

424
00:18:44,700 --> 00:18:42,640
populations with different colored ovals

425
00:18:46,620 --> 00:18:44,710
on the top we have an oval in the top

426
00:18:48,120 --> 00:18:46,630
left for hot Jupiters worlds like

427
00:18:49,560 --> 00:18:48,130
Jupiter that are closer to their star

428
00:18:51,690 --> 00:18:49,570
than mercury is to the Sun

429
00:18:53,670 --> 00:18:51,700
on the top right we have another oval

430
00:18:55,710 --> 00:18:53,680
for cold gas giants those are worlds

431
00:18:58,290 --> 00:18:55,720
analogous to Jupiter in our own solar

432
00:19:00,180 --> 00:18:58,300
system below that we have the ocean

433
00:19:01,560 --> 00:19:00,190
world and ice giants these are the

434
00:19:03,780 --> 00:19:01,570
planets that are just on the other side

435
00:19:06,570 --> 00:19:03,790
of the gap that BJ Fulton described

436
00:19:08,550 --> 00:19:06,580
below that gap we have a large yellow

437
00:19:10,020 --> 00:19:08,560
oval showing all of the rocky planets

438
00:19:11,670 --> 00:19:10,030
that potentially could be like earth

439
00:19:13,830 --> 00:19:11,680
most of the ones shown on this diagram

440
00:19:15,690 --> 00:19:13,840
are probably hotter than the earth but

441
00:19:17,610 --> 00:19:15,700
the ones towards the right end might

442
00:19:20,220 --> 00:19:17,620
actually be cool places to live in the

443
00:19:22,200 --> 00:19:20,230
future the ones in the green oval are

444
00:19:24,150 --> 00:19:22,210
the lava worlds these planets are like

445
00:19:26,130 --> 00:19:24,160
Kepler 10b they're so close to their

446
00:19:28,140 --> 00:19:26,140
stars that their surfaces are covered in

447
00:19:30,840 --> 00:19:28,150
molten lava those would not be good

448
00:19:32,970 --> 00:19:30,850
places to live in the lower right corner

449
00:19:34,230 --> 00:19:32,980
of the plot we see the frontier this

450
00:19:36,900 --> 00:19:34,240
region does not have very many

451
00:19:38,670 --> 00:19:36,910
exoplanets in it we also see a region at

452
00:19:40,650 --> 00:19:38,680
the middle left of the plot that doesn't

453
00:19:42,360 --> 00:19:40,660
have any exoplanets but the reason for

454
00:19:44,580 --> 00:19:42,370
the absence of the planets notice -

455
00:19:46,920 --> 00:19:44,590
those two regions is different on the

456
00:19:48,990 --> 00:19:46,930
left side we don't see exoplanets there

457
00:19:50,610 --> 00:19:49,000
because they're quite rare in the lower

458
00:19:51,990 --> 00:19:50,620
right corner however we don't see

459
00:19:54,330 --> 00:19:52,000
exoplanets there because they're very

460
00:19:56,040 --> 00:19:54,340
difficult to find Kepler has been

461
00:19:58,200 --> 00:19:56,050
pushing the boundary of the frontier

462
00:20:00,150 --> 00:19:58,210
towards the right corner of the plot

463
00:20:01,950 --> 00:20:00,160
Kepler has pushed us towards smaller

464
00:20:04,200 --> 00:20:01,960
planets and planets some longer period

465
00:20:06,330 --> 00:20:04,210
orbits as we go forward towards the

466
00:20:09,390 --> 00:20:06,340
future that frontier will continue to

467
00:20:11,700 --> 00:20:09,400
advance on the next slide we see here

468
00:20:13,560 --> 00:20:11,710
the chart that Mario showed earlier this

469
00:20:16,200 --> 00:20:13,570
is the progress of NASA exoplanet

470
00:20:17,790 --> 00:20:16,210
missions through the decades here we're

471
00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:17,800
focusing today on the results of the

472
00:20:22,650 --> 00:20:21,010
NASA Kepler mission next year in 2018

473
00:20:24,930 --> 00:20:22,660
the transient exoplanet survey satellite

474
00:20:27,090 --> 00:20:24,940
will launch and begin detecting planets

475
00:20:28,980 --> 00:20:27,100
around bright stars bright stars are

476
00:20:30,570 --> 00:20:28,990
fantastic for planet detection because

477
00:20:32,400 --> 00:20:30,580
those stars are well suited for

478
00:20:34,080 --> 00:20:32,410
follow-up observations that could reveal

479
00:20:36,660 --> 00:20:34,090
the mass of the planet from the ground

480
00:20:38,670 --> 00:20:36,670
after tests will be able to characterize

481
00:20:41,160 --> 00:20:38,680
the atmospheres of planets using the

482
00:20:43,710 --> 00:20:41,170
James Webb Space Telescope and find even

483
00:20:46,140 --> 00:20:43,720
more planets with W first looking

484
00:20:48,510 --> 00:20:46,150
forward to the 2030s we can imagine the

485
00:20:50,640 --> 00:20:48,520
day where we actually take direct images

486
00:20:52,470 --> 00:20:50,650
of planets like the earth in the

487
00:20:54,360 --> 00:20:52,480
habitable zones of sun-like stars I

488
00:20:55,890 --> 00:20:54,370
can't wait to see the press conference

489
00:20:57,630 --> 00:20:55,900
that will occur once those missions are

490
00:20:59,450 --> 00:20:57,640
flying thank you very much

491
00:21:02,330 --> 00:20:59,460
Thank You Courtney I neither can

492
00:21:04,220 --> 00:21:02,340
I well let's turn to questions and

493
00:21:06,380 --> 00:21:04,230
answers now we have several reporters

494
00:21:08,779 --> 00:21:06,390
here in the live audience and a number

495
00:21:10,279 --> 00:21:08,789
of you on the phone as well and for

496
00:21:12,740 --> 00:21:10,289
those joining in on Twitter we're going

497
00:21:17,029 --> 00:21:12,750
to have you ask your question first with

498
00:21:18,830 --> 00:21:17,039
hashtag ask Kepler we with the number of

499
00:21:20,539 --> 00:21:18,840
folks queued up to ask questions we're

500
00:21:22,010 --> 00:21:20,549
going to give everyone a chance to ask

501
00:21:23,930 --> 00:21:22,020
one question and a follow up and then if

502
00:21:28,220 --> 00:21:23,940
time permits we'll go back and start

503
00:21:29,840 --> 00:21:28,230
again our operator will identify you by

504
00:21:32,330 --> 00:21:29,850
name but if not please give your name

505
00:21:35,659 --> 00:21:32,340
your media affiliation and direct your

506
00:21:39,460 --> 00:21:35,669
question to a panelist if possible for

507
00:21:42,139 --> 00:21:39,470
those dialing in please push star

508
00:21:45,680 --> 00:21:42,149
asterisk on your phone to get in the

509
00:21:47,779 --> 00:21:45,690
queue to ask a question and with that

510
00:21:51,560 --> 00:21:47,789
we'll look for questions here in the

511
00:21:53,120 --> 00:21:51,570
audience first and we have a mic coming

512
00:21:56,029 --> 00:21:53,130
to you right now right behind you

513
00:21:59,810 --> 00:21:56,039
thank you rob reynolds from al jazeera

514
00:22:03,760 --> 00:21:59,820
english so if you could break it down

515
00:22:06,649 --> 00:22:03,770
for the layman's audience how many

516
00:22:09,320 --> 00:22:06,659
planets have you discovered in total and

517
00:22:14,960 --> 00:22:09,330
how many of them are in this Goldilocks

518
00:22:21,310 --> 00:22:14,970
zone that that might support life and I

519
00:22:23,980 --> 00:22:21,320
have a follow-up question um excuse me

520
00:22:26,470 --> 00:22:23,990
with this sir your first question is how

521
00:22:30,460 --> 00:22:26,480
many we discovered in total yes Kepler

522
00:22:32,290 --> 00:22:30,470
is it has confirmed over 2300 planets

523
00:22:35,050 --> 00:22:32,300
and these are planets where there is no

524
00:22:37,720 --> 00:22:35,060
question at all that that signal is

525
00:22:39,550 --> 00:22:37,730
coming from an exoplanet when I'm

526
00:22:41,410 --> 00:22:39,560
presenting here today are candidates

527
00:22:44,110 --> 00:22:41,420
meaning there's still some room for

528
00:22:45,970 --> 00:22:44,120
doubt whether that signal is coming from

529
00:22:49,150 --> 00:22:45,980
a planet it could still be coming from

530
00:22:51,100 --> 00:22:49,160
other Astrophysical signals so this

531
00:22:52,780 --> 00:22:51,110
catalog though has four thousand and

532
00:22:55,570 --> 00:22:52,790
thirty four candidates and that's a

533
00:22:57,700 --> 00:22:55,580
pretty close number to the final Kepler

534
00:22:59,830 --> 00:22:57,710
candidates that will be found we may

535
00:23:01,600 --> 00:22:59,840
clean up a few more in the end and find

536
00:23:04,300 --> 00:23:01,610
a few more in the end but this catalog

537
00:23:06,130 --> 00:23:04,310
has four thousand and thirty four and in

538
00:23:08,020 --> 00:23:06,140
the Goldilocks zone we have

539
00:23:11,560 --> 00:23:08,030
approximately fifty that are in the

540
00:23:13,690 --> 00:23:11,570
Goldilocks zone my question is as I

541
00:23:17,170 --> 00:23:13,700
understand that Kepler is is focusing on

542
00:23:18,460 --> 00:23:17,180
a very small well that was fifty

543
00:23:21,310 --> 00:23:18,470
terrestrial sized planets in that

544
00:23:23,620 --> 00:23:21,320
Goldilocks zone rest chill sized planets

545
00:23:25,270 --> 00:23:23,630
that are in the right right so small

546
00:23:29,380 --> 00:23:25,280
planets that are in the Goldilocks zone

547
00:23:32,940 --> 00:23:29,390
we have more litter they're larger that

548
00:23:36,190 --> 00:23:32,950
the the the telescope is focusing on a

549
00:23:41,020 --> 00:23:36,200
relatively small area in the Cygnus

550
00:23:42,820 --> 00:23:41,030
formation right so based on that and

551
00:23:46,770 --> 00:23:42,830
whatever statistical analysis you've

552
00:23:51,510 --> 00:23:46,780
been able to do how common are the

553
00:23:54,610 --> 00:23:51,520
potentially rocky in the right zone

554
00:23:55,360 --> 00:23:54,620
habitable zone planets in our whole

555
00:23:59,110 --> 00:23:55,370
galaxy

556
00:24:01,750 --> 00:23:59,120
any ideas so we still haven't done that

557
00:24:04,120 --> 00:24:01,760
analysis on this specific catalog

558
00:24:05,890 --> 00:24:04,130
acording might want to address some of

559
00:24:06,790 --> 00:24:05,900
the other studies that have done been

560
00:24:09,760 --> 00:24:06,800
done previously

561
00:24:11,940 --> 00:24:09,770
sure for M dwarfs which are small stars

562
00:24:14,230 --> 00:24:11,950
that make up 75% of stars in the galaxy

563
00:24:16,150 --> 00:24:14,240
we know that one out of every four of

564
00:24:19,740 --> 00:24:16,160
them has a planet that is small and is

565
00:24:25,560 --> 00:24:23,610
oh maybe it means that it's not crazy

566
00:24:27,780 --> 00:24:25,570
that we found a planet in the habitable

567
00:24:30,570 --> 00:24:27,790
zone of the closest star to the Sun so

568
00:24:32,010 --> 00:24:30,580
Proxima Centauri B has a small planet in

569
00:24:33,480 --> 00:24:32,020
the habitable zone at least we think

570
00:24:34,770 --> 00:24:33,490
it's small it does not transit so we do

571
00:24:36,210 --> 00:24:34,780
not know the size the planet for sure

572
00:24:46,550 --> 00:24:36,220
but the mass measurements consistent

573
00:24:53,790 --> 00:24:50,640
sorry to prolong my question-and-answer

574
00:24:56,400 --> 00:24:53,800
period but how close is close in terms

575
00:24:59,280 --> 00:24:56,410
of light-years just a couple just

576
00:25:01,620 --> 00:24:59,290
throughout the lore right next door and

577
00:25:03,480 --> 00:25:01,630
there could be life on it we'll have to

578
00:25:04,770 --> 00:25:03,490
find out it's something we could try to

579
00:25:08,040 --> 00:25:04,780
do with the next generation of

580
00:25:08,660 --> 00:25:08,050
ground-based large telescopes all right

581
00:25:10,800 --> 00:25:08,670
thank you

582
00:25:14,400 --> 00:25:10,810
we have another question here we'll

583
00:25:17,220 --> 00:25:14,410
bring a mic to you hi Allison Hawks from

584
00:25:18,990 --> 00:25:17,230
astrobiology magazine just want to know

585
00:25:20,880 --> 00:25:19,000
about tidally locked planets and if

586
00:25:22,170 --> 00:25:20,890
you've been able to understand a little

587
00:25:23,700 --> 00:25:22,180
bit about you know which of these

588
00:25:25,260 --> 00:25:23,710
terrestrial planets might be tightly

589
00:25:30,440 --> 00:25:25,270
locked and what the implications then

590
00:25:33,030 --> 00:25:30,450
are for habitability in those cases

591
00:25:34,680 --> 00:25:33,040
planets around low-mass stars tend to

592
00:25:35,940 --> 00:25:34,690
fall within the title locking radius

593
00:25:37,350 --> 00:25:35,950
because they're so close to the star you

594
00:25:39,000 --> 00:25:37,360
might expect them to be like the moon

595
00:25:41,010 --> 00:25:39,010
with one side always facing the star

596
00:25:42,390 --> 00:25:41,020
back in the day people thought that

597
00:25:43,920 --> 00:25:42,400
would be bad for life because the

598
00:25:45,540 --> 00:25:43,930
atmosphere could freeze out if one side

599
00:25:47,220 --> 00:25:45,550
of the planet was very cold more

600
00:25:48,570 --> 00:25:47,230
sophisticated three-dimensional models

601
00:25:50,070 --> 00:25:48,580
have revealed that if the planet has a

602
00:25:52,260 --> 00:25:50,080
bit of an atmosphere it probably would

603
00:25:54,120 --> 00:25:52,270
stay warm enough to remain hospitable to

604
00:25:55,770 --> 00:25:54,130
life and there's a chance then that you

605
00:25:57,270 --> 00:25:55,780
could have a bunch of civilizations

606
00:25:58,530 --> 00:25:57,280
where maybe all the astronomers live on

607
00:26:00,180 --> 00:25:58,540
one side of the planet and everyone else

608
00:26:04,620 --> 00:26:00,190
enjoys the Sun side on the beachy side

609
00:26:06,510 --> 00:26:04,630
close to the star all right let's take

610
00:26:10,860 --> 00:26:06,520
hope questions from the phone line

611
00:26:16,539 --> 00:26:14,009
The Associated Press your line is open

612
00:26:19,000 --> 00:26:16,549
yes thank you I have one question and

613
00:26:22,180 --> 00:26:19,010
then a follow-up let's look at these new

614
00:26:24,970 --> 00:26:22,190
planets the 219 new planet candidates

615
00:26:29,019 --> 00:26:24,980
and the ten roughly earth sized ones in

616
00:26:32,380 --> 00:26:29,029
the habitable zone am i right in hearing

617
00:26:33,820 --> 00:26:32,390
that those ten are in some ways

618
00:26:35,620 --> 00:26:33,830
different than many of the other ones

619
00:26:40,060 --> 00:26:35,630
because they're almost are most of them

620
00:26:42,730 --> 00:26:40,070
sort of uh more G Dwarfs like the Sun

621
00:26:45,730 --> 00:26:42,740
instead of the M dwarfs I mean in other

622
00:26:48,879 --> 00:26:45,740
words are these ten how many of them are

623
00:26:50,649 --> 00:26:48,889
are sort of more earth analog II and R

624
00:26:52,419 --> 00:26:50,659
does that make them more important and

625
00:26:56,350 --> 00:26:52,429
what does that mean and then I'll have a

626
00:26:59,620 --> 00:26:56,360
follow-up you're asking about the ten

627
00:27:01,570 --> 00:26:59,630
planets that are around the in the

628
00:27:05,139 --> 00:27:01,580
habitable zone and those that are near

629
00:27:07,330 --> 00:27:05,149
the that orbit a star similar to our Sun

630
00:27:09,549 --> 00:27:07,340
the thing about stars similar to our Sun

631
00:27:12,129 --> 00:27:09,559
they're not nearly as active as those

632
00:27:13,870 --> 00:27:12,139
that are around M dwarfs and Kortney

633
00:27:15,850 --> 00:27:13,880
probably could talk more about that and

634
00:27:18,430 --> 00:27:15,860
as a result you know we know that there

635
00:27:20,320 --> 00:27:18,440
is life on planets around G drawers we

636
00:27:23,350 --> 00:27:20,330
have it here and so that's partly why we

637
00:27:25,720 --> 00:27:23,360
focus in on looking for planets that are

638
00:27:29,590 --> 00:27:25,730
in the habitable zone of g-type stars or

639
00:27:32,049 --> 00:27:29,600
our sun-like stars sorry I to remember

640
00:27:33,610 --> 00:27:32,059
the rest of that question so so that is

641
00:27:35,680 --> 00:27:33,620
what's unique about those new ones that

642
00:27:37,509 --> 00:27:35,690
are found what is also unique is that I

643
00:27:40,120 --> 00:27:37,519
can tell you with high confidence that

644
00:27:42,940 --> 00:27:40,130
those are really signals and our data

645
00:27:45,730 --> 00:27:42,950
that they're truly Astrophysical unlike

646
00:27:46,950 --> 00:27:45,740
some of the other candidates we've

647
00:27:49,010 --> 00:27:46,960
released

648
00:27:52,519 --> 00:27:49,020
thank you

649
00:27:55,460 --> 00:27:52,529
did you have a follow-up yes okay and

650
00:27:57,950 --> 00:27:55,470
one of them is how many of those 10 RTG

651
00:28:01,039 --> 00:27:57,960
wars are they all and then what I know

652
00:28:02,659 --> 00:28:01,049
you haven't done the overall census

653
00:28:04,789 --> 00:28:02,669
demographic issue but that's sort of

654
00:28:08,330 --> 00:28:04,799
what Kepler was sold to the American

655
00:28:10,039 --> 00:28:08,340
public as as it is a demographic so can

656
00:28:11,950 --> 00:28:10,049
you give us I mean just looking at the

657
00:28:14,899 --> 00:28:11,960
math it looks like one out of eighty

658
00:28:16,789 --> 00:28:14,909
stars you know what out of eighty

659
00:28:19,820 --> 00:28:16,799
planets are in that you know beautiful

660
00:28:21,560 --> 00:28:19,830
small enough habitable zone is that

661
00:28:23,480 --> 00:28:21,570
about a good number and is there a

662
00:28:27,700 --> 00:28:23,490
better is there a number for G dwarfs

663
00:28:31,460 --> 00:28:27,710
Courtney gave us four endures thank you

664
00:28:34,220 --> 00:28:31,470
there is no official agreed-upon answer

665
00:28:36,380 --> 00:28:34,230
for terrestrial sized planets in the

666
00:28:37,820 --> 00:28:36,390
Goldilocks zone of G Dorf stars this is

667
00:28:39,289 --> 00:28:37,830
a question that scientists will be

668
00:28:42,380 --> 00:28:39,299
working on over the next couple of years

669
00:28:44,180 --> 00:28:42,390
especially using this catalog what your

670
00:28:46,340 --> 00:28:44,190
ask your first question was the number

671
00:28:49,190 --> 00:28:46,350
of the new terrestrial sized planets

672
00:28:52,310 --> 00:28:49,200
that are in around G Dwarfs I'd have to

673
00:28:55,279 --> 00:28:52,320
go back to that slide to count but there

674
00:28:56,750 --> 00:28:55,289
are total total of ten candidates in

675
00:28:59,659 --> 00:28:56,760
total around G drawers in this new

676
00:29:01,639 --> 00:28:59,669
catalogue if I remember correctly but

677
00:29:03,289 --> 00:29:01,649
Carney address that I'd like to chime in

678
00:29:05,060 --> 00:29:03,299
and say that the reason why I'm so

679
00:29:07,460 --> 00:29:05,070
excited about Susan's results is that

680
00:29:10,250 --> 00:29:07,470
this catalog because it was done in such

681
00:29:11,870 --> 00:29:10,260
a sophisticated methodical way really

682
00:29:13,669 --> 00:29:11,880
enables those studies of habitable zone

683
00:29:15,139 --> 00:29:13,679
planet occurrence for sun-like stars in

684
00:29:17,000 --> 00:29:15,149
the way that previous catalogs did not

685
00:29:18,740 --> 00:29:17,010
so this is a remarkable step forward and

686
00:29:19,850 --> 00:29:18,750
our understanding of the frequency of

687
00:29:21,799 --> 00:29:19,860
terrestrial planets in the habitable

688
00:29:26,149 --> 00:29:21,809
zones of sun-like stars playing the

689
00:29:27,860 --> 00:29:26,159
fundamental groundwork built a number of

690
00:29:30,560 --> 00:29:27,870
the ten I'd like someone to follow up

691
00:29:33,470 --> 00:29:30,570
with that so if I remember correctly I

692
00:29:35,539 --> 00:29:33,480
think this is Seth there's a little less

693
00:29:38,230 --> 00:29:35,549
than half of them that are around g-type

694
00:29:40,010 --> 00:29:38,240
stars less than half of those ten

695
00:29:43,310 --> 00:29:40,020
alright let's take the next question

696
00:29:44,680 --> 00:29:43,320
from the phone the next question is

697
00:29:49,950 --> 00:29:44,690
coming from

698
00:29:51,960 --> 00:29:49,960
besa Grossman of your line is open

699
00:29:55,560 --> 00:29:51,970
I thank you for taking that question

700
00:29:57,029 --> 00:29:55,570
this is for BJ I was wondering if you

701
00:29:59,419 --> 00:29:57,039
could talk a little bit more about how

702
00:30:02,450 --> 00:29:59,429
you know that the neptune-like planets

703
00:30:07,350 --> 00:30:02,460
probably don't have a surface and then

704
00:30:08,880 --> 00:30:07,360
what the possible message for formation

705
00:30:11,850 --> 00:30:08,890
for these planets are and if there's

706
00:30:13,470 --> 00:30:11,860
something about their early histories if

707
00:30:16,980 --> 00:30:13,480
we can tell anything about what makes a

708
00:30:21,600 --> 00:30:16,990
solar system produce an earth-like

709
00:30:23,220 --> 00:30:21,610
planet or a mini Neptune yeah so we we

710
00:30:25,200 --> 00:30:23,230
think that we can tell the difference

711
00:30:27,779 --> 00:30:25,210
between the rocky group and the the mini

712
00:30:30,029 --> 00:30:27,789
Neptune group based on a few other lines

713
00:30:32,190 --> 00:30:30,039
of evidence in addition to the work we

714
00:30:33,810 --> 00:30:32,200
did if you look at planets that are

715
00:30:35,880 --> 00:30:33,820
orbiting very very close to their host

716
00:30:38,370 --> 00:30:35,890
stars with orbital periods less than

717
00:30:39,990 --> 00:30:38,380
about one day those things could not

718
00:30:41,519 --> 00:30:40,000
have any atmospheres at all they must

719
00:30:43,110 --> 00:30:41,529
have been blasted away and we can see

720
00:30:45,750 --> 00:30:43,120
that those planets get no larger than

721
00:30:48,060 --> 00:30:45,760
about one point seven if you go and

722
00:30:50,370 --> 00:30:48,070
measure the masses of a lot of planets

723
00:30:52,740 --> 00:30:50,380
in the Kepler field you can see that

724
00:30:53,880 --> 00:30:52,750
typically planets larger than about 1.6

725
00:30:56,010 --> 00:30:53,890
times the radius of Earth are

726
00:30:57,450 --> 00:30:56,020
low-density neptune-like planets and

727
00:31:00,269 --> 00:30:57,460
planets smaller than that or

728
00:31:01,799 --> 00:31:00,279
high-density and then with this gap is

729
00:31:03,870 --> 00:31:01,809
just another line of evidence that

730
00:31:07,200 --> 00:31:03,880
supports this idea that you have these

731
00:31:08,430 --> 00:31:07,210
two different groups of planets because

732
00:31:12,029 --> 00:31:08,440
I'm sorry could you repeat that a second

733
00:31:14,639 --> 00:31:12,039
part your question sure it was about how

734
00:31:16,470 --> 00:31:14,649
these planets develop and if there's a

735
00:31:18,000 --> 00:31:16,480
way to tell which stars are likely to

736
00:31:20,220 --> 00:31:18,010
produce Neptune's and which ones are

737
00:31:22,049 --> 00:31:20,230
likely to produce the Earth's or if we

738
00:31:25,350 --> 00:31:22,059
know anything about the condition lead

739
00:31:29,580 --> 00:31:25,360
to one or the other right so we don't

740
00:31:31,560 --> 00:31:29,590
really know but our best idea is that we

741
00:31:33,779 --> 00:31:31,570
we had a population of planets that all

742
00:31:35,970 --> 00:31:33,789
start with somewhere between one and ten

743
00:31:38,669 --> 00:31:35,980
percent of hydrogen helium gases so they

744
00:31:40,850 --> 00:31:38,679
form they all sort of have a range of

745
00:31:43,830 --> 00:31:40,860
various core sizes and a range of

746
00:31:45,480 --> 00:31:43,840
atmospheric sizes then when these

747
00:31:47,159 --> 00:31:45,490
planets and the ones that I'm studying

748
00:31:48,570 --> 00:31:47,169
are all orbiting relatively close to

749
00:31:51,029 --> 00:31:48,580
their star with orbital period shorter

750
00:31:52,260 --> 00:31:51,039
than 100 days and we think when those

751
00:31:53,970 --> 00:31:52,270
are exposed to the stellar radiation

752
00:31:56,039 --> 00:31:53,980
when you have this this continuous

753
00:31:59,010 --> 00:31:56,049
population and you expose it to that

754
00:32:00,960 --> 00:31:59,020
radiation over many years that tends to

755
00:32:03,090 --> 00:32:00,970
separate them into these two classes the

756
00:32:04,710 --> 00:32:03,100
ones that started a little bit larger or

757
00:32:06,060 --> 00:32:04,720
we'll hang on to their atmospheres and

758
00:32:07,260 --> 00:32:06,070
they're the ones to end up as many

759
00:32:09,450 --> 00:32:07,270
Neptune's and the ones that start a

760
00:32:11,669 --> 00:32:09,460
little bit smaller and/or had a little

761
00:32:13,169 --> 00:32:11,679
bit less hydrogen helium to start with

762
00:32:17,340 --> 00:32:13,179
end up in the small rocky planets

763
00:32:19,950 --> 00:32:17,350
because their atmospheres get lost thank

764
00:32:23,039 --> 00:32:19,960
you great we have another question on

765
00:32:24,260 --> 00:32:23,049
line we would fo nice calm your line is

766
00:32:28,140 --> 00:32:24,270
open

767
00:32:30,029 --> 00:32:28,150
hi so this is a final catalog from the

768
00:32:31,860 --> 00:32:30,039
first Kepler mission but what can data

769
00:32:33,270 --> 00:32:31,870
you've been getting from the k2 mission

770
00:32:38,190 --> 00:32:33,280
which looks at other parts of the sky

771
00:32:39,659 --> 00:32:38,200
bring to these statistics I'm part of a

772
00:32:41,460 --> 00:32:39,669
team that's currently trying to do that

773
00:32:42,870 --> 00:32:41,470
to use the k2 catalog to measure the

774
00:32:44,250 --> 00:32:42,880
frequencies of planets of different

775
00:32:46,260 --> 00:32:44,260
types and one of the great things about

776
00:32:47,970 --> 00:32:46,270
the k2 catalog is that because it's

777
00:32:50,130 --> 00:32:47,980
covering a wide range of the sky and

778
00:32:51,240 --> 00:32:50,140
includes many clusters of various ages

779
00:32:53,640 --> 00:32:51,250
so you could study plant information

780
00:32:55,230 --> 00:32:53,650
through time and it includes many stars

781
00:32:56,909 --> 00:32:55,240
with different metallicity Zoar iron

782
00:32:59,100 --> 00:32:56,919
content so you can study the role of

783
00:33:00,960 --> 00:32:59,110
different initial starting conditions on

784
00:33:03,600 --> 00:33:00,970
the planet properties and it also

785
00:33:05,220 --> 00:33:03,610
contains many more low mass stars in the

786
00:33:06,870 --> 00:33:05,230
main Kepler mission and because I'm very

787
00:33:09,149 --> 00:33:06,880
interested in low mass stars I'm quite

788
00:33:11,310 --> 00:33:09,159
excited in what k2 can tell us about the

789
00:33:14,340 --> 00:33:11,320
frequency of planets at the small end of

790
00:33:17,010 --> 00:33:14,350
the stellar mass spectrum I'll just

791
00:33:19,020 --> 00:33:17,020
added k2 not only gives you a much more

792
00:33:20,730 --> 00:33:19,030
of a variety of different stellar types

793
00:33:22,560 --> 00:33:20,740
but it also gets to probe different

794
00:33:24,960 --> 00:33:22,570
regions of the galaxy so we could

795
00:33:26,279 --> 00:33:24,970
potentially see if the statistics that

796
00:33:28,020 --> 00:33:26,289
we're learning about the kepler field

797
00:33:33,600 --> 00:33:28,030
are different in the different parts of

798
00:33:36,539 --> 00:33:33,610
the galaxy alright we have one more

799
00:33:38,789 --> 00:33:36,549
question on the line Oh a next question

800
00:33:40,130 --> 00:33:38,799
is coming from Irene Klotz up Reuters

801
00:33:42,810 --> 00:33:40,140
your line is open

802
00:33:44,399 --> 00:33:42,820
thanks very much I have two quick

803
00:33:46,350 --> 00:33:44,409
questions and then probably a little

804
00:33:48,899 --> 00:33:46,360
longer one first one I just wanted to

805
00:33:53,909 --> 00:33:48,909
make sure that when you said initially

806
00:33:58,169 --> 00:33:53,919
that the just these data completes the

807
00:34:00,450 --> 00:33:58,179
Kepler candidate list just to

808
00:34:02,789 --> 00:34:00,460
double-check that that is not going to

809
00:34:04,970 --> 00:34:02,799
include any other data coming from k2

810
00:34:08,190 --> 00:34:04,980
you're treating these as separate

811
00:34:10,320 --> 00:34:08,200
missions and this data will complete the

812
00:34:13,139 --> 00:34:10,330
Kepler original mission and then the

813
00:34:15,669 --> 00:34:13,149
second quick one is about for BJ are

814
00:34:17,799 --> 00:34:15,679
there any proposed name

815
00:34:20,740 --> 00:34:17,809
for these classifications of planets

816
00:34:23,079 --> 00:34:20,750
besides earth-like or mini Neptune and

817
00:34:26,079 --> 00:34:23,089
then I have one other one I think my

818
00:34:28,270 --> 00:34:26,089
answers short I yes this is the last of

819
00:34:30,819 --> 00:34:28,280
the catalogs for k2 are completely

820
00:34:33,339 --> 00:34:30,829
separate from Kepler and so this is the

821
00:34:35,319 --> 00:34:33,349
last time we were searching the data for

822
00:34:39,220 --> 00:34:35,329
candidates from the Kepler come from the

823
00:34:40,990 --> 00:34:39,230
original Kepler mission as far as the

824
00:34:42,940 --> 00:34:41,000
names yeah we've been going with many

825
00:34:45,760 --> 00:34:42,950
earths and our mini Neptune z-- and

826
00:34:47,169 --> 00:34:45,770
super Earths lately we had thought they

827
00:34:48,730 --> 00:34:47,179
were sort of all super Earths and it was

828
00:34:50,950 --> 00:34:48,740
difficult to determine which ones may

829
00:34:53,379 --> 00:34:50,960
have gassen and which ones might have

830
00:34:55,990 --> 00:34:53,389
rocky surfaces but now we have a clear

831
00:34:57,910 --> 00:34:56,000
distinction between the two thanks and

832
00:35:01,630 --> 00:34:57,920
I'm also either for you Vijay or for

833
00:35:04,450 --> 00:35:01,640
Courtney why do you think that our solar

834
00:35:08,049 --> 00:35:04,460
system does not have any mini Neptune

835
00:35:14,319 --> 00:35:08,059
and is there any reason to think that it

836
00:35:15,190 --> 00:35:14,329
might have at one time that's a good

837
00:35:16,900 --> 00:35:15,200
question

838
00:35:18,430 --> 00:35:16,910
it is interesting that we don't have

839
00:35:20,710 --> 00:35:18,440
what appears to be the most common type

840
00:35:23,319 --> 00:35:20,720
of planet in the galaxy although you may

841
00:35:25,089 --> 00:35:23,329
have heard about recent result of this

842
00:35:27,460 --> 00:35:25,099
potential planet that's far out in the

843
00:35:30,640 --> 00:35:27,470
outer reaches of the solar system called

844
00:35:32,440 --> 00:35:30,650
planet 9 that one is potentially one of

845
00:35:36,730 --> 00:35:32,450
these the super Earths or mini Neptune's

846
00:35:38,620 --> 00:35:36,740
so it may answer that question planet 9

847
00:35:40,089 --> 00:35:38,630
isn't yet confirmed correct no that's

848
00:35:41,140 --> 00:35:40,099
not yet confirmed but all right people

849
00:35:43,120 --> 00:35:41,150
right across the hall from me are

850
00:35:44,309 --> 00:35:43,130
working hard to do just that very good

851
00:35:46,690 --> 00:35:44,319
very good

852
00:35:47,890 --> 00:35:46,700
all right I just want to remind folks in

853
00:35:50,490 --> 00:35:47,900
the live audience here if you have a

854
00:35:53,049 --> 00:35:50,500
question we'll bring a microphone to you

855
00:35:54,039 --> 00:35:53,059
and while we're doing that we will go

856
00:35:56,740 --> 00:35:54,049
back to the phone we have one more

857
00:35:58,530 --> 00:35:56,750
question as a board seen The Associated

858
00:36:03,130 --> 00:35:58,540
Press your line is open

859
00:36:07,960 --> 00:36:03,140
yes just two follow-ups one in you guys

860
00:36:11,470 --> 00:36:07,970
said 50 a round 50 habitable zones

861
00:36:15,160 --> 00:36:11,480
smaller total in the in they or roughly

862
00:36:18,579 --> 00:36:15,170
50 in the total isn't there an exact

863
00:36:20,829 --> 00:36:18,589
number I mean roughly could be 45 and or

864
00:36:22,780 --> 00:36:20,839
55 don't you have an exact number and

865
00:36:23,380 --> 00:36:22,790
second just to put this all in

866
00:36:25,630 --> 00:36:23,390
perspective

867
00:36:27,520 --> 00:36:25,640
Kepler's looked at a small part of the

868
00:36:29,460 --> 00:36:27,530
galaxy and distant part of the galaxy

869
00:36:31,650 --> 00:36:29,470
can you help us to

870
00:36:33,270 --> 00:36:31,660
you know look at even the bigger picture

871
00:36:36,060 --> 00:36:33,280
like saying cat you're looking at maybe

872
00:36:38,400 --> 00:36:36,070
one one-thousandth of the galaxy so if

873
00:36:40,800 --> 00:36:38,410
we wanted to take a get a get good sense

874
00:36:45,420 --> 00:36:40,810
of the rest of the galaxy multiply it by

875
00:36:48,720 --> 00:36:45,430
what in other words thank you so I'll

876
00:36:52,170 --> 00:36:48,730
just the first question we found we have

877
00:36:54,210 --> 00:36:52,180
50 hi confident we have 49 actually high

878
00:36:56,580 --> 00:36:54,220
confidence planet candidates in the

879
00:37:00,089 --> 00:36:56,590
hallouwe zone that are less than 1.8

880
00:37:03,120 --> 00:37:00,099
Earth radii the catalog actually goes a

881
00:37:04,770 --> 00:37:03,130
bit deeper but these candidates start to

882
00:37:07,050 --> 00:37:04,780
become a little less reliable so we

883
00:37:09,150 --> 00:37:07,060
didn't want to present them here so you

884
00:37:11,730 --> 00:37:09,160
wouldn't see them as because they're not

885
00:37:16,170 --> 00:37:11,740
as confirmed or as validated as those

886
00:37:18,000 --> 00:37:16,180
others are so I would go the number it's

887
00:37:20,550 --> 00:37:18,010
49 that we showed on that plot that you

888
00:37:24,260 --> 00:37:20,560
were looking at in terms of the fraction

889
00:37:27,170 --> 00:37:24,270
when do you have a better idea that math

890
00:37:30,510 --> 00:37:27,180
square degrees rates 100 square degrees

891
00:37:35,310 --> 00:37:30,520
so 200,000 stars is all we actually

892
00:37:38,339 --> 00:37:35,320
looked at though okay can I answer that

893
00:37:40,829 --> 00:37:38,349
not the kepler field and sub

894
00:37:45,240 --> 00:37:40,839
approximately 115 degrees square and

895
00:37:48,089 --> 00:37:45,250
that's about 0.25 percent of the sky so

896
00:37:50,070 --> 00:37:48,099
in fact you need 400 Kepler's to cover

897
00:37:53,240 --> 00:37:50,080
the whole sky so that's the question

898
00:37:56,760 --> 00:37:53,250
that if we if we assume the statistic

899
00:37:59,940 --> 00:37:56,770
the signals field and all the field that

900
00:38:04,290 --> 00:37:59,950
K to observe our median and we can

901
00:38:08,270 --> 00:38:04,300
multiply 4 by 400 to get a sense of what

902
00:38:10,290 --> 00:38:08,280
the whole universe or galaxies around

903
00:38:12,780 --> 00:38:10,300
part of the galaxies are we observing

904
00:38:16,370 --> 00:38:12,790
but we haven't done that this is very

905
00:38:20,849 --> 00:38:16,380
recent information that was released

906
00:38:22,560 --> 00:38:20,859
this morning so I'm sure there will be a

907
00:38:24,570 --> 00:38:22,570
lot of people that will study the planet

908
00:38:26,160 --> 00:38:24,580
demographic based on with the

909
00:38:29,400 --> 00:38:26,170
information on this catalog in the

910
00:38:30,660 --> 00:38:29,410
future look at the results the

911
00:38:32,730 --> 00:38:30,670
transiting exoplanet survey satellite

912
00:38:34,740 --> 00:38:32,740
mission which will cover almost the full

913
00:38:37,050 --> 00:38:34,750
sky that has four cameras each of which

914
00:38:39,030 --> 00:38:37,060
has a field of view 27 by 27 degrees

915
00:38:40,339 --> 00:38:39,040
most those stars will only be observed

916
00:38:41,809 --> 00:38:40,349
for 27 days

917
00:38:43,729 --> 00:38:41,819
but some of them will be observed for up

918
00:38:45,469 --> 00:38:43,739
to almost a full year so we can then

919
00:38:47,029 --> 00:38:45,479
cross compare what we see with tests for

920
00:38:49,190 --> 00:38:47,039
short period with planets with what we

921
00:38:50,989 --> 00:38:49,200
see from Kepler and really check to see

922
00:38:53,989 --> 00:38:50,999
how planet properties vary across the

923
00:38:55,969 --> 00:38:53,999
full sky I'll just add that one problem

924
00:38:57,440 --> 00:38:55,979
with with sticking to a real strict

925
00:38:58,910 --> 00:38:57,450
number of the number of planets in the

926
00:39:00,979 --> 00:38:58,920
habitable zone is that these boundaries

927
00:39:02,989 --> 00:39:00,989
are all very fuzzy the actual boundaries

928
00:39:05,960 --> 00:39:02,999
of the habitable zone at the inner and

929
00:39:07,849 --> 00:39:05,970
outer edge are not that well-known and

930
00:39:10,190 --> 00:39:07,859
even if they are very well known there's

931
00:39:13,339 --> 00:39:10,200
a range it's it's not a sharp boundary

932
00:39:15,999 --> 00:39:13,349
it's fuzzy and in terms of multiplying

933
00:39:18,799 --> 00:39:16,009
that out to the galaxy those 50 are

934
00:39:20,719 --> 00:39:18,809
transiting planets right and and there's

935
00:39:23,180 --> 00:39:20,729
a big difference in transiting and

936
00:39:24,710 --> 00:39:23,190
actual of the intrinsic population right

937
00:39:25,789 --> 00:39:24,720
for a planet like the earth and the

938
00:39:28,039 --> 00:39:25,799
habitable zone of a star like the Sun

939
00:39:31,789 --> 00:39:28,049
there's only one chance and 200 that

940
00:39:33,319 --> 00:39:31,799
that planet would appear to transit okay

941
00:39:35,870 --> 00:39:33,329
all right we have a couple more

942
00:39:38,210 --> 00:39:35,880
questions on on the phone the next

943
00:39:39,849 --> 00:39:38,220
question is coming from Tracy Watson USA

944
00:39:43,099 --> 00:39:39,859
Today your line is open

945
00:39:45,140 --> 00:39:43,109
thank you I wanted to ask about ky7

946
00:39:47,630 --> 00:39:45,150
seven-11 if I've got that number right

947
00:39:48,620 --> 00:39:47,640
because you said it said right next it

948
00:39:49,910 --> 00:39:48,630
was used about the same amount of

949
00:39:52,910 --> 00:39:49,920
insulation it serves and at one point

950
00:39:55,249 --> 00:39:52,920
303 died can you put that into context

951
00:39:57,609 --> 00:39:55,259
for me how does that rank it then in

952
00:39:59,900 --> 00:39:57,619
terms of Earth twins this is now the

953
00:40:03,200 --> 00:39:59,910
closest I can't remember the statistics

954
00:40:06,200 --> 00:40:03,210
and the second question is about the

955
00:40:09,289 --> 00:40:06,210
kind of two flavors of planets is there

956
00:40:12,589 --> 00:40:09,299
any reason to think that that these two

957
00:40:14,299 --> 00:40:12,599
flavors are different in other parts of

958
00:40:17,469 --> 00:40:14,309
the universe or will this will apply

959
00:40:22,999 --> 00:40:17,479
elsewhere Thanks

960
00:40:25,489 --> 00:40:23,009
so 77 11 is the closest to the earth in

961
00:40:28,039 --> 00:40:25,499
terms of our current measurements of its

962
00:40:29,450 --> 00:40:28,049
size and how far away it is from our

963
00:40:31,160 --> 00:40:29,460
star and so as a result it gets

964
00:40:33,349 --> 00:40:31,170
approximately the same amount of heat

965
00:40:35,239 --> 00:40:33,359
that we get from our own star however

966
00:40:38,450 --> 00:40:35,249
there's a lot we don't know about this

967
00:40:40,219 --> 00:40:38,460
planet and as a result it's hard to say

968
00:40:42,229 --> 00:40:40,229
whether it's really an earth twin we

969
00:40:44,059 --> 00:40:42,239
need to know more about its atmosphere

970
00:40:46,099 --> 00:40:44,069
whether there's water on the planet I

971
00:40:47,900 --> 00:40:46,109
always like to remind people that it

972
00:40:48,650 --> 00:40:47,910
looks like there's three planets in our

973
00:40:50,900 --> 00:40:48,660
howls

974
00:40:54,860 --> 00:40:50,910
Venus Earth and Mars and I'd only really

975
00:40:56,900 --> 00:40:54,870
want to live on one of them and just to

976
00:40:58,760 --> 00:40:56,910
clarify Kepler can identify what

977
00:41:01,550 --> 00:40:58,770
properties of the of a planet we

978
00:41:03,980 --> 00:41:01,560
directly measure the size of the planet

979
00:41:05,990 --> 00:41:03,990
and how far away it is from the star so

980
00:41:08,360 --> 00:41:06,000
we don't know if it's habitable so we do

981
00:41:09,560 --> 00:41:08,370
not know if it's habitable all right we

982
00:41:12,500 --> 00:41:09,570
have a couple more questions on the line

983
00:41:15,950 --> 00:41:12,510
let's go there the next question is

984
00:41:17,000 --> 00:41:15,960
coming from it now greenfield voice NPR

985
00:41:19,130 --> 00:41:17,010
your line is open

986
00:41:21,950 --> 00:41:19,140
oh hey thanks for doing this just to

987
00:41:23,810 --> 00:41:21,960
confirm so I'll take the roughly 50

988
00:41:25,820 --> 00:41:23,820
number but I just want to make sure that

989
00:41:28,670 --> 00:41:25,830
the ten you're announcing today are in

990
00:41:30,920 --> 00:41:28,680
that number so it's not roughly 50 we

991
00:41:32,930 --> 00:41:30,930
knew about in terms of candidates in the

992
00:41:36,650 --> 00:41:32,940
habitable zone and the small potentially

993
00:41:39,320 --> 00:41:36,660
rocky size it's more like you know now

994
00:41:42,500 --> 00:41:39,330
in total we have 50 which includes these

995
00:41:43,850 --> 00:41:42,510
ten that you are announcing today and

996
00:41:47,030 --> 00:41:43,860
the other question I had is so if this

997
00:41:48,920 --> 00:41:47,040
is the final batch of data from Kepler's

998
00:41:51,410 --> 00:41:48,930
original mission I mean how are you guys

999
00:41:52,850 --> 00:41:51,420
feeling now do you feel sad like I guess

1000
00:41:55,550 --> 00:41:52,860
we've all gotten kind of used to these

1001
00:41:57,650 --> 00:41:55,560
big you know downloads of you know dumps

1002
00:41:59,420 --> 00:41:57,660
of potential planets where you know 200

1003
00:42:01,970 --> 00:41:59,430
potential planets just isn't really a

1004
00:42:04,220 --> 00:42:01,980
big deal anymore I mean is this like

1005
00:42:06,560 --> 00:42:04,230
kind of the end of an era for planetary

1006
00:42:08,090 --> 00:42:06,570
hunters or what do you think about that

1007
00:42:10,880 --> 00:42:08,100
since this is going to be the last one

1008
00:42:14,600 --> 00:42:10,890
from the original mission thing so

1009
00:42:16,790 --> 00:42:14,610
that's your first question the 10r part

1010
00:42:19,400 --> 00:42:16,800
our subset of that 50 that we're talking

1011
00:42:23,180 --> 00:42:19,410
about so we found 10 new ones and that

1012
00:42:25,070 --> 00:42:23,190
makes up the 50 as part of that 50 yeah

1013
00:42:26,900 --> 00:42:25,080
feels a bit like the end of an era but

1014
00:42:29,480 --> 00:42:26,910
actually I see it as a new beginning

1015
00:42:31,730 --> 00:42:29,490
it's amazing the things that Kepler has

1016
00:42:33,470 --> 00:42:31,740
found and we it has shown us these

1017
00:42:35,690 --> 00:42:33,480
terrestrial worlds and we still have all

1018
00:42:38,330 --> 00:42:35,700
this work to do to really understand how

1019
00:42:40,220 --> 00:42:38,340
common earths are in the galaxy so I'm

1020
00:42:42,440 --> 00:42:40,230
really excited to see what people are

1021
00:42:43,670 --> 00:42:42,450
going to do with this catalog because

1022
00:42:45,230 --> 00:42:43,680
this is the first time we have a

1023
00:42:46,970 --> 00:42:45,240
population that is really well

1024
00:42:48,800 --> 00:42:46,980
characterized and we can now do these

1025
00:42:54,620 --> 00:42:48,810
statistical studies and really start to

1026
00:43:00,570 --> 00:42:57,930
thank you the next question is coming

1027
00:43:01,670 --> 00:43:00,580
from a Lisa Grossman science news your

1028
00:43:04,200 --> 00:43:01,680
line is open

1029
00:43:06,240 --> 00:43:04,210
hi thanks for ticketing another question

1030
00:43:09,020 --> 00:43:06,250
from me so I just wanted to follow up a

1031
00:43:11,130 --> 00:43:09,030
little bit on Steph's first question so

1032
00:43:12,630 --> 00:43:11,140
Kepler's chief mission was to get a

1033
00:43:14,910 --> 00:43:12,640
number for this fraction of sun-like

1034
00:43:16,560 --> 00:43:14,920
stars at first light planet and you're

1035
00:43:19,080 --> 00:43:16,570
not releasing a number like that today

1036
00:43:20,940 --> 00:43:19,090
but you are releasing the final catalog

1037
00:43:24,290 --> 00:43:20,950
here's all the planets were ever going

1038
00:43:27,210 --> 00:43:24,300
to expect from Kepler is that enough to

1039
00:43:29,040 --> 00:43:27,220
to get that data earth number is that

1040
00:43:32,940 --> 00:43:29,050
going to get us there or is there more

1041
00:43:37,770 --> 00:43:32,950
that we need to do and why are you not

1042
00:43:39,240 --> 00:43:37,780
presenting any number for the fraction

1043
00:43:42,270 --> 00:43:39,250
of sun-like stars that the host

1044
00:43:44,070 --> 00:43:42,280
earth-like planet today that's a great

1045
00:43:47,250 --> 00:43:44,080
question to address the importance of

1046
00:43:50,250 --> 00:43:47,260
this catalog I've already forgot the

1047
00:43:52,620 --> 00:43:50,260
beginning question oh yes oh yes we

1048
00:43:55,140 --> 00:43:52,630
absolutely have enough to do those

1049
00:43:57,330 --> 00:43:55,150
studies we have a population of high

1050
00:43:59,940 --> 00:43:57,340
confidence planets that are terrestrial

1051
00:44:02,850 --> 00:43:59,950
sized and in the habitable zone of

1052
00:44:04,590 --> 00:44:02,860
sun-like stars the reason we haven't

1053
00:44:07,320 --> 00:44:04,600
done this is this analysis is very

1054
00:44:09,600 --> 00:44:07,330
complicated and there's a lot of pieces

1055
00:44:12,480 --> 00:44:09,610
that go into it but at least we now have

1056
00:44:14,250 --> 00:44:12,490
all of those pieces and scientists will

1057
00:44:16,710 --> 00:44:14,260
spend the next year talking about how to

1058
00:44:22,020 --> 00:44:16,720
get to the most accurate number and the

1059
00:44:23,430 --> 00:44:22,030
best way to go about it right let's go

1060
00:44:29,540 --> 00:44:23,440
to a question here we have them in the

1061
00:44:33,330 --> 00:44:29,550
live audience did you find anything

1062
00:44:36,450 --> 00:44:33,340
anomalous when you were looking through

1063
00:44:38,880 --> 00:44:36,460
through all of these all this data there

1064
00:44:41,970 --> 00:44:38,890
was some talk I don't know several

1065
00:44:45,300 --> 00:44:41,980
months to a year ago about a potential

1066
00:44:46,770 --> 00:44:45,310
giant artifact in space did you did you

1067
00:44:51,089 --> 00:44:46,780
see anything that you can't quite

1068
00:44:55,349 --> 00:44:52,979
could you clarify a little bit which

1069
00:44:58,229 --> 00:44:55,359
would well I there was a well-known news

1070
00:44:58,559 --> 00:44:58,239
story that came out I think about a year

1071
00:45:05,870 --> 00:44:58,569
ago

1072
00:45:10,079 --> 00:45:05,880
and the the what the big sail the

1073
00:45:12,839 --> 00:45:10,089
sailing alien uh superstructure yeah

1074
00:45:15,870 --> 00:45:12,849
that's it thank you yeah

1075
00:45:19,229 --> 00:45:15,880
so without specific regard to that or

1076
00:45:21,420 --> 00:45:19,239
were there anything well did you find

1077
00:45:24,989 --> 00:45:21,430
anything out there in the vastness of

1078
00:45:27,839 --> 00:45:24,999
space that you can't account for

1079
00:45:33,299 --> 00:45:27,849
according to what we know in science

1080
00:45:34,950 --> 00:45:33,309
today the the light curves from Kepler

1081
00:45:37,079 --> 00:45:34,960
are truly unique the way we did the

1082
00:45:39,809 --> 00:45:37,089
search means that we really just find

1083
00:45:42,120 --> 00:45:39,819
things that are similar to planets and

1084
00:45:43,739 --> 00:45:42,130
so this catalog itself I didn't find

1085
00:45:45,839 --> 00:45:43,749
anything where I just absolutely could

1086
00:45:49,349 --> 00:45:45,849
not explain what I was looking at but

1087
00:45:51,509 --> 00:45:49,359
that said other people have mined the

1088
00:45:53,279 --> 00:45:51,519
Kepler light curves looking for other

1089
00:45:56,749 --> 00:45:53,289
interesting things and that's how they

1090
00:46:00,299 --> 00:45:56,759
found that that star with the large

1091
00:46:02,190 --> 00:46:00,309
changes in brightness that happened and

1092
00:46:04,680 --> 00:46:02,200
they're continuing to observe that to

1093
00:46:06,569 --> 00:46:04,690
figure out what kind of star that is I

1094
00:46:08,160 --> 00:46:06,579
think I just saw on Twitter that it's

1095
00:46:14,489 --> 00:46:08,170
decreased in brightness again by about

1096
00:46:17,000 --> 00:46:14,499
two percent as far as I know no thank

1097
00:46:21,660 --> 00:46:19,260
great well we have a number of questions

1098
00:46:23,790 --> 00:46:21,670
also come in through social media and on

1099
00:46:25,590 --> 00:46:23,800
Twitter so we'll go there take a couple

1100
00:46:29,280 --> 00:46:25,600
questions the first ones come first one

1101
00:46:31,080 --> 00:46:29,290
comes from Doug for far worlds are there

1102
00:46:32,670 --> 00:46:31,090
any Kepler candidates to be announced

1103
00:46:35,280 --> 00:46:32,680
today or otherwise that are circumbinary

1104
00:46:38,210 --> 00:46:35,290
terrestrial planets now maybe we could

1105
00:46:41,970 --> 00:46:38,220
answer what a circumbinary planet is

1106
00:46:45,540 --> 00:46:41,980
start off Kepler did find a about a

1107
00:46:48,120 --> 00:46:45,550
dozen I believe planets that go around a

1108
00:46:49,380 --> 00:46:48,130
binary system so there's two stars going

1109
00:46:52,620 --> 00:46:49,390
around each other and then there's

1110
00:46:55,080 --> 00:46:52,630
planets going around those those binary

1111
00:46:56,910 --> 00:46:55,090
system because of the way this catalog

1112
00:47:02,970 --> 00:46:56,920
was created we are not set up to find

1113
00:47:04,320 --> 00:47:02,980
those very interesting systems you said

1114
00:47:07,220 --> 00:47:04,330
there's about 12 that we found so I

1115
00:47:09,270 --> 00:47:07,230
believe that's the number today alright

1116
00:47:13,220 --> 00:47:09,280
let's take another question here from

1117
00:47:16,680 --> 00:47:13,230
social media this comes from at TSA

1118
00:47:20,100 --> 00:47:16,690
mulato how long do you estimate Kepler

1119
00:47:23,370 --> 00:47:20,110
to remain upright or in orbit and would

1120
00:47:25,680 --> 00:47:23,380
it live would it live till test launches

1121
00:47:28,440 --> 00:47:25,690
and its science mission starts maybe

1122
00:47:30,180 --> 00:47:28,450
that's why I'm tamari oh yeah yes now as

1123
00:47:32,250 --> 00:47:30,190
we mention here

1124
00:47:34,560 --> 00:47:32,260
Kepler is still taking data and we're on

1125
00:47:37,230 --> 00:47:34,570
the k2 mission which is a secondary

1126
00:47:40,110 --> 00:47:37,240
mission which we have been doing for the

1127
00:47:42,930 --> 00:47:40,120
last four years this mission can only

1128
00:47:46,970 --> 00:47:42,940
observe for about 80 days determine feel

1129
00:47:51,470 --> 00:47:46,980
around the ecliptic plane of the galaxy

1130
00:47:55,800 --> 00:47:51,480
we expect to have for sure fuel until

1131
00:47:58,170 --> 00:47:55,810
our campaigns our campaign number 16 we

1132
00:48:00,810 --> 00:47:58,180
are in campaign number 14 right now so

1133
00:48:04,170 --> 00:48:00,820
and about the end of this year starting

1134
00:48:06,150 --> 00:48:04,180
next year we'll start campaign 17 which

1135
00:48:08,640 --> 00:48:06,160
we don't know if the fuel the fuel is

1136
00:48:11,700 --> 00:48:08,650
the main limitation that we have will

1137
00:48:14,040 --> 00:48:11,710
with Kepler it's very hard to measure

1138
00:48:16,350 --> 00:48:14,050
the fuel in space and for that reason it

1139
00:48:20,450 --> 00:48:16,360
being done indirectly but respect to

1140
00:48:25,320 --> 00:48:20,460
still be observing during the year 19

1141
00:48:29,160 --> 00:48:25,330
impossibly even beyond that now test is

1142
00:48:30,450 --> 00:48:29,170
going to start flying next year in 2018

1143
00:48:34,640 --> 00:48:30,460
if possible they overlap

1144
00:48:37,200 --> 00:48:34,650
however I think the overlap is only

1145
00:48:40,770 --> 00:48:37,210
nominal there's not really significance

1146
00:48:42,960 --> 00:48:40,780
the since Kepler still will keep

1147
00:48:46,349 --> 00:48:42,970
observing a small piece of the sky

1148
00:48:49,589 --> 00:48:46,359
around the Galactic plane and Kepler

1149
00:48:52,380 --> 00:48:49,599
will press or in test will do all Sky

1150
00:48:54,930 --> 00:48:52,390
Survey both of the northern sky and the

1151
00:48:57,570 --> 00:48:54,940
southern skies in the first two year of

1152
00:49:00,630 --> 00:48:57,580
test will be done one year doing the

1153
00:49:03,540 --> 00:49:00,640
southern sky and the next year be doing

1154
00:49:05,880 --> 00:49:03,550
the northern sky and later will be

1155
00:49:08,010 --> 00:49:05,890
pointed observations so test will be

1156
00:49:10,560 --> 00:49:08,020
doing a completely different mission and

1157
00:49:13,530 --> 00:49:10,570
will the target target population of

1158
00:49:15,780 --> 00:49:13,540
tasks will be mostly nearby and very

1159
00:49:18,990 --> 00:49:15,790
bright star which different from what

1160
00:49:22,290 --> 00:49:19,000
Kepler has been doing even during the k2

1161
00:49:24,960 --> 00:49:22,300
mission alright thank you here's another

1162
00:49:28,770 --> 00:49:24,970
question from social media from at

1163
00:49:30,980 --> 00:49:28,780
playtime with tests just to confirm we

1164
00:49:33,930 --> 00:49:30,990
can only see planets whose solar systems

1165
00:49:36,120 --> 00:49:33,940
elliptical plane is aligned towards our

1166
00:49:38,460 --> 00:49:36,130
planet now what do you want to take that

1167
00:49:41,070 --> 00:49:38,470
just distinguish between the transiting

1168
00:49:42,720 --> 00:49:41,080
worlds in that's for this particular

1169
00:49:44,400 --> 00:49:42,730
method of detection where the planet

1170
00:49:45,990 --> 00:49:44,410
passes between us and the star but there

1171
00:49:47,670 --> 00:49:46,000
are other detection methods for instance

1172
00:49:48,780 --> 00:49:47,680
the radio velocity method that are

1173
00:49:50,760 --> 00:49:48,790
sensitive to planets that are in

1174
00:49:52,200 --> 00:49:50,770
different orientations so we're able to

1175
00:49:54,030 --> 00:49:52,210
piece together results from different

1176
00:49:55,650 --> 00:49:54,040
types of Planet detection methods in

1177
00:49:59,250 --> 00:49:55,660
order to see planets that aren't just

1178
00:50:00,599 --> 00:49:59,260
perfectly aligned with us great I

1179
00:50:05,280 --> 00:50:00,609
believe we had one more question on the

1180
00:50:08,579 --> 00:50:05,290
line actually we have a question here in

1181
00:50:09,060 --> 00:50:08,589
the room AR I'm at Bigler ke CBS CBS

1182
00:50:11,910 --> 00:50:09,070
News

1183
00:50:13,920 --> 00:50:11,920
my son turns four this week he's getting

1184
00:50:16,020 --> 00:50:13,930
his first telescope it's actually a type

1185
00:50:19,020 --> 00:50:16,030
of spotting scope but it'll count as a

1186
00:50:21,599 --> 00:50:19,030
telescope could you explain to him what

1187
00:50:23,190 --> 00:50:21,609
your announcement is today why it's

1188
00:50:25,050 --> 00:50:23,200
important and I think if you do that

1189
00:50:28,260 --> 00:50:25,060
that will help me explain to your

1190
00:50:32,180 --> 00:50:28,270
average news consumer what it is that

1191
00:50:37,609 --> 00:50:34,250
uh you think this would be easy because

1192
00:50:39,950 --> 00:50:37,619
I have a five-year-old at home so what I

1193
00:50:46,280 --> 00:50:39,960
do is I work at the airport is what he

1194
00:50:49,430 --> 00:50:46,290
thinks I do so what's exciting about

1195
00:50:52,910 --> 00:50:49,440
today is we have taken our telescope and

1196
00:50:56,120 --> 00:50:52,920
we have counted up how many planets are

1197
00:50:56,660 --> 00:50:56,130
similar to the earth in this part of the

1198
00:51:01,460 --> 00:50:56,670
sky

1199
00:51:05,180 --> 00:51:01,470
and we said how many planets are there

1200
00:51:08,210 --> 00:51:05,190
that are similar to the earth and with

1201
00:51:12,800 --> 00:51:08,220
the data I have I can now make that

1202
00:51:15,260 --> 00:51:12,810
count and from there we're going to

1203
00:51:18,770 --> 00:51:15,270
determine how common other planets are

1204
00:51:21,680 --> 00:51:18,780
can we find it are there places that we

1205
00:51:26,990 --> 00:51:21,690
could live in the galaxy besides this

1206
00:51:31,160 --> 00:51:27,000
place that we call home that close and

1207
00:51:32,540 --> 00:51:31,170
yeah I resolved I think it's maybe a

1208
00:51:35,270 --> 00:51:32,550
little easier to describe it as far as

1209
00:51:36,680 --> 00:51:35,280
planets it's just like animals it's just

1210
00:51:39,980 --> 00:51:36,690
like when biologists discover a new

1211
00:51:42,380 --> 00:51:39,990
species of animals in this case we what

1212
00:51:44,420 --> 00:51:42,390
we thought was a single species of

1213
00:51:47,809 --> 00:51:44,430
animals is in fact two very different

1214
00:51:49,550 --> 00:51:47,819
things so that's I think that that boils

1215
00:51:50,720 --> 00:51:49,560
it down pretty nicely all right thank

1216
00:51:54,440 --> 00:51:50,730
you let's take another question from

1217
00:51:56,180 --> 00:51:54,450
online this comes from von Bismark how

1218
00:51:59,000 --> 00:51:56,190
big what an orbiting telescope like

1219
00:52:01,280 --> 00:51:59,010
Hubble need to be to get photos of these

1220
00:52:02,630 --> 00:52:01,290
distant planets and we could expand a

1221
00:52:04,640 --> 00:52:02,640
little bit and we're talking about the

1222
00:52:06,920 --> 00:52:04,650
future now and and those steps to get to

1223
00:52:08,359 --> 00:52:06,930
that point I think it's important to

1224
00:52:10,220 --> 00:52:08,369
keep in mind that when we talk about

1225
00:52:11,870 --> 00:52:10,230
directly imaging planets and the

1226
00:52:13,430 --> 00:52:11,880
habitable zones of nearby stars we're

1227
00:52:14,690 --> 00:52:13,440
not talking about making a beautiful

1228
00:52:16,309 --> 00:52:14,700
picture like the one you might hang on

1229
00:52:18,260 --> 00:52:16,319
your office wall we're talking about

1230
00:52:20,690 --> 00:52:18,270
collecting enough photons from the

1231
00:52:22,940 --> 00:52:20,700
planet to fill a pixel in your image and

1232
00:52:24,140 --> 00:52:22,950
then you study that image over time and

1233
00:52:26,030 --> 00:52:24,150
try to make guesses as to what the

1234
00:52:28,250 --> 00:52:26,040
surface could look like based on the

1235
00:52:29,990 --> 00:52:28,260
features you see in the planet for the

1236
00:52:31,640 --> 00:52:30,000
telescope designs we're considering for

1237
00:52:34,099 --> 00:52:31,650
the 2030s we're thinking about things

1238
00:52:36,109 --> 00:52:34,109
that might be the size of say 45 feet

1239
00:52:37,430 --> 00:52:36,119
across and that wouldn't give us a

1240
00:52:39,109 --> 00:52:37,440
picture of the planet but it would give

1241
00:52:40,069 --> 00:52:39,119
us the information we need to assess

1242
00:52:42,500 --> 00:52:40,079
whether that planet

1243
00:52:44,100 --> 00:52:42,510
might be some place that's hospitable to

1244
00:52:45,270 --> 00:52:44,110
life

1245
00:52:50,120 --> 00:52:45,280
all right thank you let's take another

1246
00:52:53,550 --> 00:52:50,130
one from social media this comes from PC

1247
00:52:55,650 --> 00:52:53,560
415 have any of these planet candidates

1248
00:53:02,670 --> 00:52:55,660
given any hint as to having large moons

1249
00:53:05,580 --> 00:53:02,680
or ring systems I did not find any

1250
00:53:08,970 --> 00:53:05,590
evidence of moons or rings around our

1251
00:53:10,710 --> 00:53:08,980
planets in this particular catalogue and

1252
00:53:12,780 --> 00:53:10,720
those are even more difficult to discern

1253
00:53:17,360 --> 00:53:12,790
extremely difficult out there looking

1254
00:53:22,320 --> 00:53:20,040
what here's another one from social

1255
00:53:24,680 --> 00:53:22,330
media ad t tcats

1256
00:53:30,630 --> 00:53:24,690
Wow which is the nearest planet

1257
00:53:33,140 --> 00:53:30,640
exoplanet and how far from us is it to

1258
00:53:35,930 --> 00:53:33,150
Rea be the plan around the closest star

1259
00:53:38,760 --> 00:53:35,940
and that's about four light-years yeah

1260
00:53:40,100 --> 00:53:38,770
great alright alright I think we have

1261
00:53:42,360 --> 00:53:40,110
one more question on the line

1262
00:53:44,490 --> 00:53:42,370
the next question is coming from Seth

1263
00:53:45,230 --> 00:53:44,500
Borenstein The Associated Press your

1264
00:53:47,750 --> 00:53:45,240
line is open

1265
00:53:52,740 --> 00:53:47,760
thank you again sorry to keep bothering

1266
00:53:54,240 --> 00:53:52,750
asking these questions can ask most of

1267
00:53:56,520 --> 00:53:54,250
the panels for all the panel's just to

1268
00:53:59,490 --> 00:53:56,530
go back eight years nine years before

1269
00:54:03,390 --> 00:53:59,500
Kepler was launched had you've been told

1270
00:54:05,880 --> 00:54:03,400
you would find 50 earth-like I mean have

1271
00:54:09,540 --> 00:54:05,890
you rocky planets in the habitable zone

1272
00:54:11,190 --> 00:54:09,550
is that a number um you know if you put

1273
00:54:14,520 --> 00:54:11,200
yourself would you be disappointed with

1274
00:54:17,070 --> 00:54:14,530
50 would you be more than surprised to

1275
00:54:19,530 --> 00:54:17,080
this beyond what you expected just to

1276
00:54:21,300 --> 00:54:19,540
put you know in other words is this more

1277
00:54:23,520 --> 00:54:21,310
than you expected is this less is this

1278
00:54:28,100 --> 00:54:23,530
about what you expected a sense you know

1279
00:54:30,450 --> 00:54:28,110
if you go back pre pre data thank you

1280
00:54:33,180 --> 00:54:30,460
this number could have been very very

1281
00:54:35,100 --> 00:54:33,190
small and I for one am ecstatic that

1282
00:54:36,840 --> 00:54:35,110
we've found 50 potentially habitable

1283
00:54:39,910 --> 00:54:36,850
worlds orbiting nearby stars that's

1284
00:54:44,529 --> 00:54:42,430
yeah eight years ago I was just starting

1285
00:54:46,450 --> 00:54:44,539
out and professional astronomy and we

1286
00:54:47,859 --> 00:54:46,460
definitely knew very little compared to

1287
00:54:50,230 --> 00:54:47,869
what we know now about the population of

1288
00:54:52,720 --> 00:54:50,240
exoplanets we really had no idea how

1289
00:54:55,480 --> 00:54:52,730
common earth planets earth-like planets

1290
00:54:56,680 --> 00:54:55,490
were and so that's that's why we made

1291
00:54:58,240 --> 00:54:56,690
the kepler mission was to answer that

1292
00:55:00,579 --> 00:54:58,250
question and we're still working on that

1293
00:55:01,660 --> 00:55:00,589
answer it's very difficult there are you

1294
00:55:04,329 --> 00:55:01,670
know many groups that have come up with

1295
00:55:06,730 --> 00:55:04,339
numbers and we're starting to converge

1296
00:55:08,109 --> 00:55:06,740
on the final answer but I am definitely

1297
00:55:10,890 --> 00:55:08,119
ecstatic that we've discovered that

1298
00:55:15,450 --> 00:55:10,900
amount I think that that is definitely a

1299
00:55:18,519 --> 00:55:15,460
nice number that I would have hoped for

1300
00:55:20,589 --> 00:55:18,529
number 50 is from what Kepler was able

1301
00:55:23,170 --> 00:55:20,599
to observe now the actual number the

1302
00:55:27,220 --> 00:55:23,180
intrinsic number in the galaxy is we're

1303
00:55:29,650 --> 00:55:27,230
talking in the billions yeah okay I

1304
00:55:32,319 --> 00:55:29,660
think we have one last question on the

1305
00:55:35,230 --> 00:55:32,329
phone go ahead a next question is going

1306
00:55:36,960 --> 00:55:35,240
to be from jonathan callahan IFL science

1307
00:55:40,029 --> 00:55:36,970
your line is open

1308
00:55:42,400 --> 00:55:40,039
hello thank you for taking my call I

1309
00:55:46,059 --> 00:55:42,410
have a question regarding finding an log

1310
00:55:48,430 --> 00:55:46,069
as I understand it this is Captain end

1311
00:55:50,499 --> 00:55:48,440
of its four year mission and to find

1312
00:55:52,960 --> 00:55:50,509
Condor scimitars we need to see three

1313
00:55:55,150 --> 00:55:52,970
transit so three years three years of

1314
00:55:57,549 --> 00:55:55,160
observations are there any more missions

1315
00:56:00,370 --> 00:55:57,559
planned in the future to find similar

1316
00:56:00,930 --> 00:56:00,380
planets from similar lengthy orbit thank

1317
00:56:03,819 --> 00:56:00,940
you

1318
00:56:05,230 --> 00:56:03,829
the plateau mission out of Europe will

1319
00:56:07,029 --> 00:56:05,240
have the potential to find planets very

1320
00:56:09,099 --> 00:56:07,039
long period orbits because that mission

1321
00:56:10,720 --> 00:56:09,109
will be staring for roughly two years in

1322
00:56:12,579 --> 00:56:10,730
certain patch of the sky as well as

1323
00:56:14,470 --> 00:56:12,589
doing another set of steps where they

1324
00:56:16,779 --> 00:56:14,480
look at fields for Less durations of

1325
00:56:18,339 --> 00:56:16,789
time with the test mission depending on

1326
00:56:20,019 --> 00:56:18,349
what they choose to do in year three and

1327
00:56:22,029 --> 00:56:20,029
beyond perhaps they could also find

1328
00:56:23,349 --> 00:56:22,039
planets very long period orbits but one

1329
00:56:25,269 --> 00:56:23,359
of the pathways we're considering going

1330
00:56:27,519 --> 00:56:25,279
forward is finding a planet with a

1331
00:56:29,769 --> 00:56:27,529
transiting survey whether it's Kepler k2

1332
00:56:31,809 --> 00:56:29,779
or tests following up with other

1333
00:56:33,009 --> 00:56:31,819
missions perhaps using radio velocity

1334
00:56:34,539 --> 00:56:33,019
from the ground to measure the mass the

1335
00:56:36,370 --> 00:56:34,549
planet and then doing targeted

1336
00:56:38,140 --> 00:56:36,380
observations of that particular star to

1337
00:56:39,700 --> 00:56:38,150
confirm it so we don't necessarily need

1338
00:56:41,289 --> 00:56:39,710
to use the same spacecraft to see all

1339
00:56:44,349 --> 00:56:41,299
three transits Mario do you have

1340
00:56:46,720 --> 00:56:44,359
something you would add yes let me

1341
00:56:49,599 --> 00:56:46,730
remind people that the first exoplanet

1342
00:56:52,150 --> 00:56:49,609
were found only about 22 years ago so

1343
00:56:53,440 --> 00:56:52,160
there's a very young field and NASA is

1344
00:56:55,930 --> 00:56:53,450
very interested in continuing

1345
00:56:58,569 --> 00:56:55,940
path the announcement we made today

1346
00:57:01,210 --> 00:56:58,579
really at the beginning of this path and

1347
00:57:04,180 --> 00:57:01,220
to continue searching for new worlds and

1348
00:57:07,260 --> 00:57:04,190
finding signs of life and beyond our

1349
00:57:10,210 --> 00:57:07,270
solar system nASA has a path to continue

1350
00:57:13,359 --> 00:57:10,220
studying right now we're studying for a

1351
00:57:16,060 --> 00:57:13,369
large mission concept which which two of

1352
00:57:18,940 --> 00:57:16,070
them are capable to do great work and

1353
00:57:24,130 --> 00:57:18,950
advance the field of exoplanet however

1354
00:57:25,180 --> 00:57:24,140
we we don't ourself determine the type

1355
00:57:28,060 --> 00:57:25,190
of mission we're going to do in the

1356
00:57:29,560 --> 00:57:28,070
future this is a it's a task given by

1357
00:57:31,870 --> 00:57:29,570
Congress to the National Academy of

1358
00:57:35,500 --> 00:57:31,880
Sciences which every 10 years advise us

1359
00:57:41,170 --> 00:57:35,510
to continue with this plan so in 2020 we

1360
00:57:43,359 --> 00:57:41,180
will be here and we have high pectin see

1361
00:57:45,460 --> 00:57:43,369
that several of this activities

1362
00:57:47,950 --> 00:57:45,470
including probe mission which are

1363
00:57:50,829 --> 00:57:47,960
mid-size class like Kepler a large

1364
00:57:53,710 --> 00:57:50,839
mission will be recommended to the

1365
00:57:55,839 --> 00:57:53,720
agency to NASA to continue this search

1366
00:57:58,990 --> 00:57:55,849
so we are really at the beginning of the

1367
00:58:02,650 --> 00:57:59,000
path although Kepler was launched about

1368
00:58:06,700 --> 00:58:02,660
eight years ago this felis only 22 years

1369
00:58:08,980 --> 00:58:06,710
old really will be continuing this

1370
00:58:13,300 --> 00:58:08,990
search for life in fact within the

1371
00:58:17,230 --> 00:58:13,310
agency the earth 2.0 is an iconic goal

1372
00:58:20,710 --> 00:58:17,240
that respect to to reach maybe in the

1373
00:58:21,010 --> 00:58:20,720
next 5 10 or 20 years but let me say one

1374
00:58:27,180 --> 00:58:21,020
thing

1375
00:58:29,050 --> 00:58:27,190
alone and maybe Kepler today had tell us

1376
00:58:30,790 --> 00:58:29,060
indirectly although with our

1377
00:58:35,380 --> 00:58:30,800
confirmation that we are probably not a

1378
00:58:37,180 --> 00:58:35,390
lot right let's take one more question

1379
00:58:39,309 --> 00:58:37,190
and then we're going to wrap up for the

1380
00:58:42,609 --> 00:58:39,319
day the questions coming from from

1381
00:58:45,819 --> 00:58:42,619
social media it's regarding James Webb

1382
00:58:48,190 --> 00:58:45,829
Space Telescope and that next step so

1383
00:58:50,800 --> 00:58:48,200
JWST is scheduled to launch next next

1384
00:58:54,849 --> 00:58:50,810
year how many of these planets will be

1385
00:58:58,480 --> 00:58:54,859
priorities for atmosphere study let me

1386
00:59:01,700 --> 00:58:58,490
explain that just a little bit briefly

1387
00:59:03,740 --> 00:59:01,710
mario's that's a detail all I would say

1388
00:59:06,020 --> 00:59:03,750
all of them although a few of them are

1389
00:59:10,010 --> 00:59:06,030
already in the queue to be observed in

1390
00:59:12,080 --> 00:59:10,020
fact many of the Kepler most interesting

1391
00:59:14,330 --> 00:59:12,090
targets already part of the early

1392
00:59:16,130 --> 00:59:14,340
science release in which four of the

1393
00:59:18,830 --> 00:59:16,140
instruments of James Webb will be

1394
00:59:20,900 --> 00:59:18,840
pointed starting during even the

1395
00:59:24,170 --> 00:59:20,910
commissioning time after the launch in

1396
00:59:26,960 --> 00:59:24,180
November 2018 next year so I would say

1397
00:59:28,820 --> 00:59:26,970
all all of them us at the community

1398
00:59:31,790 --> 00:59:28,830
advanced in the new observing cycle

1399
00:59:34,670 --> 00:59:31,800
James Webb will be able to inject this

1400
00:59:37,190 --> 00:59:34,680
the target to be follow up by James Webb

1401
00:59:38,600 --> 00:59:37,200
and the many other spacecraft was

1402
00:59:43,130 --> 00:59:38,610
serving for example remind you that

1403
00:59:45,530 --> 00:59:43,140
Hubble still is in still observing us in

1404
00:59:49,040 --> 00:59:45,540
the 27-year observing and will continue

1405
00:59:51,350 --> 00:59:49,050
for many more years to go so Hubble in

1406
00:59:53,780 --> 00:59:51,360
the spitzer hopefully will be observing

1407
00:59:57,380 --> 00:59:53,790
for a few more year will be very helpful

1408
00:59:59,930 --> 00:59:57,390
in this path of characterizing this very

1409
01:00:00,380 --> 00:59:59,940
interesting new world alright thank you

1410
01:00:02,990 --> 01:00:00,390
Mario

1411
01:00:05,330 --> 01:00:03,000
very exciting steps on the horizon on

1412
01:00:08,210 --> 01:00:05,340
our way to confirm whether or not we are

1413
01:00:10,040 --> 01:00:08,220
alone well we'll wrap it for today's

1414
01:00:12,050 --> 01:00:10,050
briefing I'd like to thank the panelists

1415
01:00:13,730 --> 01:00:12,060
for sharing these exciting results I'd

1416
01:00:15,320 --> 01:00:13,740
like to thank everyone here in the live

1417
01:00:18,260 --> 01:00:15,330
audience and for those of you joining on

1418
01:00:19,850 --> 01:00:18,270
the call as well as online if you joined

1419
01:00:20,990 --> 01:00:19,860
in late don't worry we have the

1420
01:00:22,640 --> 01:00:21,000
materials that you heard today and

1421
01:00:28,160 --> 01:00:22,650
recording of this press conference

1422
01:00:29,780 --> 01:00:28,170
online at WWE gov 4 / Kepler if you'd

1423
01:00:33,460 --> 01:00:29,790
like to follow us on social media you

1424
01:00:36,800 --> 01:00:33,470
can find us on Twitter at wwe.com

1425
01:00:38,080 --> 01:00:36,810
forward slash NASA Kepler and also on

1426
01:00:41,660 --> 01:00:38,090
Facebook

1427
01:00:45,650 --> 01:00:41,670
WWF ace book.com forward slash NASA's

1428
01:00:47,420 --> 01:00:45,660
Kepler mission so thanks for tuning in